News from Azerbaijan Higher Technical Schools

About News from Azerbaijan Higher Technical Schools

In the Soviet period, the present Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University (ASOIU) as the flagman of oil and gas higher educational institutions published the journal "Oil and Gas" (the series of "Transactions of the universities") for more than forty years.

In 1999 the Association of higher technical educational institutions of Azerbaijan stated about the need of an issue of a new journal (with the corresponding status). It is natural that the initiator of an updating of a journal was ASOIU (former Azerbaijan State Oil Academy), prior issuer and legal antecedent. By decision of the leadership of our university a new editorial office and editorial board was formed, and also a computer center was created, and in July 1999 the first issue of the "Proceedings of Azerbaijan High Technical Educational Institutions" journal was published.

Geology
Oil and gas
Chemistry and Chemical Technology
Mechanics and Machine Engineering
Energy and Power Engineering
Informatics and automatics
Transport
Construction and architecture
Mechatronics and Robotics
Metrology and Instrument Engineering
Ecology and Safety
Economics and Management
Brief information

The periodicity of the journal is systemic, 4 numbers in a year is published. Papers are published in Azerbaijani, Russian and English.

Registration of the journal in the International Standard Serial Numbers Center and its inclusion into the list of the scientific editions, recommended by High Certification Commission near the President of Azerbaijan Republic for publications of the basic results of dissertations.

Current Issue - Volume 27, No. 6 (2025)

STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF KEY TECHNOLOGİCAL PARAMETERS ON THE PRODUCTİVİTY OF PRODUCTİON WELLS

Authors: Arif Suleymanov, Ilkin Mirzayev

Volume 27 , Issue 6 | Pages: 148-153

DOI: 10.32010/WKMS9452

Abstract: Currently, worldwide, the main method influencing oil fields is water flooding, which is considered ... Currently, worldwide, the main method influencing oil fields is water flooding, which is considered the most intensive and cost-effective method for developing oil fields with different geological structures and specific production conditions. The presence of various types and regimes of oil fields, complex geological structures (such as tectonic disturbances, multilayering, variations in thickness, porosity, and permeability of productive formations across fields and sections), complex physical and chemical properties of reservoir fluids, and production systems all affect the water flooding process to varying degrees. A significant volume of water is injected into the reservoir to maintain formation pressure and displace oil. The uneven production of reserves is facilitated by the fragmentation of oilsaturated formations and high heterogeneity. During reservoir development, accelerated production of oil reserves accumulated in zones with high permeability, a rapid increase in water cut, and a decline in oil recovery rate are observed. This leads to uneven water flooding coverage. Simultaneously, a considerable volume of water is injected and produced, resulting in increased costs for electricity, transportation, and processing of the extracted products. Therefore, during reservoir development, the regulation of water injection and fluid production volumes, as well as the reduction of operational costs and the improvement of recovery efficiency, are critical. The analysis of water influence in complex heterogeneous formations and the enhancement of monitoring methods for its implementation are current and priority challenges in oil production, particularly in oil and gas extraction. Read more

Keywords: technological parameters, oil production, reservoir development, polymer injection, water injection

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF REAL-TIME COMPUTER VISION SYSTEMS

Authors: Elviz Ismayilov, Hasanrza Hasanli

Volume 27 , Issue 6 | Pages: 142-147

DOI: 10.32010/IXNR6858

Abstract: Real-time object detection poses a significant problem in modern computer vision, especially in area... Real-time object detection poses a significant problem in modern computer vision, especially in areas that include autonomous driving, intelligent surveillance systems, robotics, and innovative manufacturing processes. This work provides a comparative study of two highly-used and highperforming models in the object detection field: the newly released You Only Look Once version 12 (YOLOv12), known for its high speed in processing and ease of use, and Faster R-CNN that has a ResNet-50-FPN backbone and is known as a two-stage detection model that is highly valued for its accuracy and performance in the process of feature extraction. The main objective of this work is the evaluation of both models in terms of performance in real-time applications with considerations of variables including inference speed, computational complexity, the number of parameters, and the general efficiency of each model. To enable the evaluation, both models were tested under the same experimental conditions using a test image benchmark and run in a GPU-based Google Colab environment. The models were compared in terms of average inference time in seconds, frames per second (FPS), total parameter count in millions, and floating point operations (FLOPs). The outcome of the experiment showed that despite the architectural optimizations of the YOLOv12 for enhanced real-time performance, the Faster R-CNN model surprisingly out-performed in terms of FPS and showed a lower inference time in the given configuration. However, in contrast, the YOLOv12 showed considerably higher model complexity that may make it more suited for generalized performance in more complex or diverse deployment situations. The results indicate that Faster R-CNN suits applications that value research and high accuracy and tolerate a slight increase in inference times. In contrast, YOLOv12 exhibits better versatility for edge computing platforms and real-time processing use cases due to its modular architecture, low weight, and hardware acceleration compatibility. This side-by-side analysis reveals valuable information about the trade-offs between precision, speed, and computation requirements and aids in more effective decision-making for real-time computer vision application model selection. Read more

Keywords: Real-time object detection, YOLOv12, Faster R-CNN, ResNet-50-FPN, inference speed, frames per second (FPS), model complexity, computational cost, deep learning, edge computing, twostage detector, single-stage detector, computer vision, performance comparison

OVERVIEW OF METHODS OF TRANSPORTING HIGH VISCOSITY OIL THROUGH PIPELINES

Authors: Sahib Abdurahimov, Haji Guliyev

Volume 27 , Issue 6 | Pages: 132-141

DOI: 10.32010/UVSI6769

Abstract: The reserves of high-viscosity oils in the world are estimated at 700 billion tons, which is compara... The reserves of high-viscosity oils in the world are estimated at 700 billion tons, which is comparable to the world reserves of conventional oil. Since high-viscosity oil will be the main raw material for the next 50-70 years, great attention is currently being paid to the development of high-viscosity oil fields and their application in industrial processing. The operating costs associated with the transportation of traditional light oil are several times lower than those associated with high-viscosity oil, which negatively affects the profitability of enterprises, including when transporting products over long distances through pipelines. All existing methods that allow regulating transport processes are directly determined by rheological properties. It should be noted that changing the rheological properties in the process of transporting high-viscosity oils is the most promising direction in terms of covering all technologies related to the oil and gas sector of the economy. To solve these difficulties and, above all, to improve the transportation of high-viscosity oils, chemical reagents are actively used today that prevent the formation of paraffin crystals in oil, lower the freezing point and generally improve the rheological parameters of the raw material. For the transportation of high-viscosity oil by pipelines, a combination of two or more methods will be more effective. Methods of ensuring flow without chemical additives are now becoming popular. When annular flow is used for the transportation of heavy oil by pipeline, even relatively short-term interruptions in operation can lead to the separation of the flow into two phases. Methods of ensuring transportation with low operating and capital costs have recently attracted increasing interest. In the future, electric heating and ultrasonic methods will become popular for pipeline transportation. Read more

Keywords: viscosity adjustment, high viscosity oils, freezing point lowering, thermal cracking, fluidity enhancement

ANALYSIS OF IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY OF THE METROPOLITAN

Authors: Gultakin Hasanova, Ilqar Aliyev

Volume 27 , Issue 6 | Pages: 126-131

DOI: 10.32010/KBPR1533

Abstract: This article addresses issues related to voltage quality and reactive power compensation aimed at in... This article addresses issues related to voltage quality and reactive power compensation aimed at increasing the electric power supply capacity of metropolitan areas. Reactive power compensation contributes to reducing power losses, increasing the transmission capacity of the electrical network, and enabling voltage regulation through the use of compensating devices. The generation of high harmonics in traction substations leads to additional losses and voltage pulsations. At present, due to rising electricity costs, reducing operational losses has become a primary and urgent challenge requiring effective solutions. In this context, recent efforts have focused on the application of new types of rectifiers, active power filters, and inverters to reduce losses in the traction network. Reactive power compensation and active filtering of harmonic components help extend the service life of expensive equipment, provide additional active power to connect new loads, and reduce the risks of malfunctions, accidents, and energy costs. A hybrid reactive power compensator can also be employed in the metro power supply system for reactive power compensation. It enables stepwise adjustment of phase current relative to phase voltage and mitigates high-frequency distortions. As a result, the power factor is improved by reducing the phase shift between current and voltage, while also smoothing harmonic distortions. One of the most effective ways to increase voltage levels in metro traction networks is through the modernization of traction substations using 12-pulse rectifiers. The use of 12-pulse rectifiers improves the power factor of the traction substation, enhances the waveform of the input current, improves power quality, and raises the level of rectified voltage without the need for additional voltage regulation devices. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the effects of reactive power on losses in the metropolitan power supply system, highlighting key issues such as the phase shift between current and voltage and the presence of high-frequency distortions. A comparative analysis of available filters shows that active power filters are the most practical solution. It is noteworthy that the load current waveform, when high harmonics are present, can differ from the fundamental harmonic by up to 96%. When active power filters are employed, the phase current waveform is accurately corrected, resulting in an increased Current Utilization Coefficient (CUC). In this case, approximately 56% of the reactive current is compensated, and harmonic distortion is reduced to less than 1%. Read more

Keywords: voltage quality, reactive power, compensation devices, electrical equipment, harmonics, metro

CRYOGENIC FLUID APPLICATION PROSPECTS IN THE 21ST CENTURY

Authors: Fidan Ismayilova, Fahmin Ismayilzada

Volume 27 , Issue 6 | Pages: 120-125

DOI: 10.32010/BJPF3341

Abstract: Mankind learned to create fire and high temperatures about 20 thousand years ago, but it was not pos... Mankind learned to create fire and high temperatures about 20 thousand years ago, but it was not possible to achieve cold. The first primitive cooling systems appeared in ancient Egypt, among the Sumerians, but this happened much later. The concept of cryogenic technology appeared only at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. Thanks to the use of cryogenic temperatures, people learned to liquefy gases - that is, to turn gas into a liquid. For a long time it was believed that substances such as nitrogen and oxygen could only exist in a gaseous state. Only in the 19th century did Michael Faraday become the first to liquefy most of the gases known at that time, with the exception of oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen, which he learned to liquefy much later. Modern and promising technologies require improving the use of cold energy and increasing its efficiency. New research lays the foundation for the creation of new energy-saving, environmentally friendly, lowtemperature systems and devices that can be used not only in the energy and aerospace industries, but also in everyday life and environmental care. The article describes the technology for obtaining cryogenic fluids, their specific properties, areas of application and future prospects. The exhaust gases from cryogenic fuels do not contain carcinogenic substances, smoke and 25-30% less carbon dioxide, which is one of the decisive factors in the conditions of fierce competition and environmental protection requirements. When cryogenic fuels are spilled, they do not absorb into the ground, but evaporate, which is important for the environment. The economic effect of using cryogenic technologies in aviation and other types of transport immeasurably exceeds the costs of their development. Modern and promising technologies require improving the use of cold energy and increasing its efficiency. New research lays the foundation for the creation of new energy-saving, environmentally friendly, low-temperature systems and devices that can be used not only in the energy and aerospace industries, but also in everyday life and environmental care. Read more

Keywords: cold, cryogenic technology, cryogenic gases, liquefied gas, cryogenic engine, cryogenic fuel

ENSURİNG LABORATORY QUALİTY THROUGH RİSK MANAGEMENT

Authors: Fazil İsmayilov, Vugar Mammadov

Volume 27 , Issue 6 | Pages: 115-119

DOI: 10.32010/EBGB8804

Abstract: This paper explores the implementation of risk management systems in calibration laboratories and ev... This paper explores the implementation of risk management systems in calibration laboratories and evaluates their impact on the accuracy of measurement results. According to ISO 31000, risk is defined as the effect of uncertainty on objectives, and in this context, the probability of erroneous results is a critical factor. In calibration processes, risks often arise from improper execution of measurement procedures, equipment malfunctions, human error, and environmental conditions. Timely identification and effective management of these risks enable laboratories to ensure quality performance and meet accreditation requirements. The application of modern technologies, automated control systems, and structured quality plans are key tools in achieving this objective. The paper also examines the development of a risk-based quality control plan and continuous improvement mechanisms supported by monitoring. One of the core elements discussed is the CLSI EP23 guideline, which provides a framework for designing risk-based quality control (QC) plans tailored to each laboratory setting. These plans are constructed using manufacturer data, regulatory requirements, and user feedback to assess and control potential risks. A key feature of EP23 is the use of risk matrices—such as a simple 3x3 model—to evaluate both the likelihood and severity of harm. The article illustrates this with a scenario where an untrained operator uses a point-of-care testing device, showing how environmental factors and access control mechanisms affect overall risk assessment. Moreover, the paper emphasizes the need for continuous improvement of the QC plan through post-implementation monitoring. Any increase in error rates, device malfunctions, or clinician complaints should prompt re-evaluation of existing control measures. If manufacturerprovided safeguards are insufficient, laboratories must implement additional layers of protection to ensure the risk remains clinically acceptable. In conclusion, risk management is not merely a set of preventive actions but a systematic approach to maintaining laboratory quality. By integrating the principles of ISO 31000 and CLSI EP23, laboratories can construct scientifically sound and adaptable QC plans. These plans do not aim to eliminate traditional QC measures but rather to balance them with engineering controls and contextual risk factors. This integrated approach enables laboratories to achieve consistent, high-quality outcomes while protecting patient safety. The ongoing assessment and refinement of risk controls support a culture of continuous quality improvement and strengthen the laboratory’s compliance with accreditation and regulatory standards. Read more

Keywords: risk management, calibration laboratory, quality control, uncertainty, ISO 17025, measurement results, technical competence

DEVELOPMENT OF MECHANISMS FOR COMPLETE COLLECTION OF ASSOCIATED GASES

Authors: Alovsat Bagirov, Famil Khudaverdiyev

Volume 27 , Issue 6 | Pages: 108-114

DOI: 10.32010/RMXP5814

Abstract: This article examines the problem of associated gas management during the initial development of the... This article examines the problem of associated gas management during the initial development of the field. Various associated gas management options - flaring, underground injection of production, synthetic fuel production, use in power plants, non-material processing and storage methods are evaluated. Associated gas contains methane, the main component of natural gas, as well as other hydrocarbons (ethane, propane, butane, pentane, etc.). This gas is considered a by-product of oil production. The article describes the annual recovery of associated gas by flaring, both in the world and in Azerbaijan. It is concluded that flaring is considered harmful due to its environmental impacts and technical risks. Associated gas flaring can be divided into two groups for various reasons and, based on these, into two groups: technical (hard) and management (soft) reasons. On the other hand, gas flaring releases significant pollutants into the atmosphere. Associated gas flaring harms the environment, contributes to the efficiency of emissions, harms the health of the population, the country's economy, that is, valuable raw materials and energy resources are simply wasted. In recent years, technological and economic opportunities for the efficient use of associated gas have expanded. One of these areas is the use of associated gas in electricity generation. This approach contributes to both energy security and reduces emissions. However, the variable composition of the gas, making it suitable for energy production, requires additional costs. Significant progress has been made in the field of converting associated gas into synthetic fuels. This process is of great importance both in terms of reducing emissions and creating alternative energy sources. However, this method also has some difficulties. Thus, depending on the prices of oil and natural gas, the cost of synthetic fuel can sometimes be higher. Another method of using associated gas, underground injection to increase oil production, was not considered feasible due to high infrastructure requirements and the risk of reservoir integrity damage. The most competitive solution was identified as the temporary storage of associated gas in an undeveloped gas field for future development. This approach, in addition to effective management of associated gas, also supports gas production and integrated oil and gas development in the future. The proposed solution was shown to be in line with the principles of sustainable development from an economic and environmental perspective. Read more

Keywords: associated gas, associated gas flaring, associated gas injection into oil reservoir, underground sequestration, Underground storage in a depleted reservoir, Underground storage in a nondepleted gas reservoir

ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL INDICATORS IN THE OIL PRODUCTION PROCESS

Authors: Arif Suleymanov, Emil Asadov

Volume 27 , Issue 6 | Pages: 102-107

DOI: 10.32010/LZQD9146

Abstract: Considering the geological structure features of oil fields, the specific characteristics of reservo... Considering the geological structure features of oil fields, the specific characteristics of reservoir oil, the thermobaric conditions of its formation, as well as the limited experience in designing the development of such fields, the retrospective analysis of the main technologies used for the development of this unique field, along with the evaluation of their efficiency and outcomes, is of practical interest. Not all of the various technologies applied for the development of reserves have yielded significant positive results, and assessing the most successful among them is of great importance. During the development of the reservoir, the significant changes that sometimes occur in the properties of reservoir oil necessitate conducting special studies to evaluate these changes, as they can negatively impact the efficiency of oil recovery. The analysis of the reservoir development status includes the study and assessment of the impact of the main applied recovery systems on the efficiency of hydrocarbon production, as well as the investigation of changes in oil properties during the development process. Read more

Keywords: technological indicators, oil production, recoverable reserves, hydrocarbon reserves, correlation coefficient

CASCADED UNET FOR GLIOMA SEGMENTATION

Authors: Elvin Aliyev, Latafat Gardashova

Volume 27 , Issue 6 | Pages: 95-101

DOI: 10.32010/CIZM1703

Abstract: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis and treatment of brain tumors... Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis and treatment of brain tumors, making its accurate assessment critically important. However, the inherent three-dimensional nature of MRI presents several challenges, leading to the common practice of conducting analyses on two-dimensional projections. While this simplification reduces complexity, it also introduces potential biases. Conversely, the more time-intensive three-dimensional evaluations, such as segmentation, can yield precise estimates of various spatial characteristics, enhancing our understanding of disease progression. Recent research focusing on segmentation tasks has demonstrated that Deep Learning techniques outperform traditional computer vision algorithms, although the problem remains complex. In this paper, we introduce a deep cascaded approach for the automatic segmentation of brain tumors. Our method, akin to contemporary object detection techniques, leverages neural networks and includes modifications to the 3D UNet architecture and augmentation strategies to effectively process multimodal MRI data. Additionally, we present a method to improve segmentation quality by incorporating contextual information from models of the same architecture operating on downscaled datasets. We assess our proposed approach using the BraTS 2018 dataset and provide a discussion of the results. Read more

Keywords: segmentation, BraTS, UNet, cascaded UNet, deep learning

OIL AND GAS POTENTIAL OF THE BULLA-DENIZ FIELD: GEOLOGICAL FEATURES AND EXPLOITATION POSSIBILITIES

Authors: Chingiz Khalifazade, Elnur Bakhshiyev

Volume 27 , Issue 6 | Pages: 88-94

DOI: 10.32010/XRDK3645

Abstract: The Bulla-Deniz field, located in the Azerbaijani sector of the Caspian Sea, is one of the country's... The Bulla-Deniz field, located in the Azerbaijani sector of the Caspian Sea, is one of the country's most significant hydrocarbon reservoirs, rich in oil and gas potential. Since its commissioning in 1975, the field has been a focal point of exploration and production activities, characterized by its deep wells and complex geological structure. Situated in the northern part of the Baku Archipelago, the field has been extensively studied through geophysical surveys, mapping, and drilling, revealing an asymmetrical brachianticline structure extending from northwest to southeast. Despite decades of exploitation, certain areas, particularly the southwestern flank, remain unexplored, leaving their hydrocarbon potential unknown. The Bulla-Deniz field is primarily known for its gas-condensate reserves, concentrated in Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks. Estimated reserves include approximately 15-20 billion cubic meters of gas, 2-3 million tons of oil, and around 1 million tons of condensate. The field's geological structure is complex, with key productive layers such as the Red Beds, the Miocene complex, and the Upper Paleogene-Red Beds transition. The Red Beds, located at depths of 5-7 kilometers, are particularly significant due to their high porosity and permeability, making them the primary zone for gas-condensate accumulation. The Miocene complex, at depths of 3-5 kilometers, contains both gas and oil reserves, offering further potential for exploitation. Modern seismic surveys and geochemical analyses suggest that some blocks within the field remain underexplored, indicating the possibility of additional hydrocarbon reserves. However, the Upper Paleogene-Red Beds transition, located at depths exceeding 6 kilometers, presents challenges due to high pressure and temperature, requiring advanced extraction technologies for future development. The Bulla-Deniz field continues to play a strategic role in Azerbaijan's energy sector. Its full potential can be unlocked through comprehensive exploration and the application of modern extraction technologies. The field not only contributes significantly to the country's current energy production but also holds promise for future discoveries, reinforcing its importance in the region's hydrocarbon industry. This article examines the geological features, hydrocarbon reserves, exploitation history, and future development prospects of the Bulla-Deniz field, highlighting its critical role in Azerbaijan's energy landscape. Read more

Keywords: Bulla-Deniz field, Caspian Sea, hydrocarbon reserves, gas-condensate, miocene complex, geophysical surveys, oil and gas exploration, extraction technologies, hydrocarbon potential

STUDY OF AUTOMATION OF TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT AT THE WORKING POINT IN LASER COATING

Authors: Elmir Aliyev, Khudaverdi Karimov

Volume 27 , Issue 6 | Pages: 81-87

DOI: 10.32010/GAGA4819

Abstract: In modern production technologies, various methods are used to strengthen the surface and increase i... In modern production technologies, various methods are used to strengthen the surface and increase its operational qualities. Among these methods, the laser cladding process has been distinguished in recent years by its superiority and wide application area. Laser cladding is a process of melting and solidifying an additional material on the surface of the base metal with the help of a high-energy laser beam. As a result, a coating layer with high wear, corrosion and temperature resistance is formed. In this process, the temperature regime of both the material to be coated and the base surface plays a decisive role, since temperature instability directly affects the quality of the coating. Thermal processes occurring during laser cladding are very fast and complex. Therefore, real-time monitoring and control of the process is necessary. Accurate and continuous temperature measurement is of great importance in ensuring the homogeneity, microstructure, adhesion and resistance to cracking of the coating. Traditional measurement methods have difficulty responding to this fast and dynamic process. Therefore, the application of automated and highly sensitive sensor systems has become a necessity. As a result of technological developments, non-contact measuring devices such as pyrometers, thermal cameras and infrared sensors are integrated into laser coating systems. These devices make it possible to measure temperature in real time and transmit the results to the controllers that control the process. Control systems (for example, PID algorithms or artificial intelligence-based models) can analyze this data and automatically adjust the laser power, coating speed and other parameters. The purpose of this research work is to investigate methods for automating temperature measurement at the working point (i.e. in the zone where the laser beam comes into contact with the surface) in the laser coating process, to analyze applicable technologies and equipment and to evaluate the factors affecting the efficiency of the process. Automation and digitalization measures to be implemented in this direction in the future can accelerate the transition of the industry to more sustainable, economical and high-quality product production. The object of the research: technical means and systems used to measure temperature at the working point (the zone affected by the laser) in the laser coating process and to automate this measurement. This includes temperature measurement sensors (pyrometers, thermal cameras, and other infrared devices), control modules used for data collection and processing (microcontrollers, PLC systems), as well as software and control algorithms that provide communication between these components. Thanks to the application of the proposed automated system, temperature deviations were reduced from ±50°C to ±15°C, the microstructural stability of the product surface was maintained, and the need for human intervention in the control process was significantly reduced. It is recommended that future research continue to make control more flexible, predictable, and safe through the application of artificial intelligence-based control algorithms, smart sensor technologies, and cloud-based SCADA systems. Read more

Keywords: laser, laser coating, laser temperature, measurement, automation

MODEL-BASED APPROACH TO THE DIAGNOSIS OF TRANSIENT PROCESSES IN OIL PRODUCTION

Authors: Arif Suleymanov, Ahliman Bakhishli

Volume 27 , Issue 6 | Pages: 74-80

DOI: 10.32010/UETH7562

Abstract: When comparing the condition of a production facility at various stages of development, it is import... When comparing the condition of a production facility at various stages of development, it is important to pay attention to differences related to their organization and regulation levels. Such an approach allows for reliably identifying critical time intervals of production indicators, which forms the basis for conducting dynamic analyses during these intervals and implementing procedures that enable the refinement of recoverable reserves. Efficient development of oil and gas fields requires timely and well-founded decisions for regulating technological processes aimed at intensifying oil and gas production during the transition period. Decisions regarding the selection of enhanced oil recovery strategies mainly depend on determining the characteristic phase of the field’s development. Most existing analysis methods do not consider the evolutionary mechanism of the reservoir system during field development, and various factors affecting oil production complicate the analysis process and make well-founded decision-making more difficult. Read more

Keywords: reservoir system, development stage, oil and gas production, recoverable reserves, transient processes, systematic analysis

OROGENIC VOLCANISM OF THE SOUTHEASTERN LESSER CAUCASUS

Authors: Laman Teymurzadeh, Dilaver Rasulov, Rahim Gubadov

Volume 27 , Issue 6 | Pages: 67-73

DOI: 10.32010/YCZY5293

Abstract: The article examines the formation of the southeastern area of the Lesser Caucasus and the distribut... The article examines the formation of the southeastern area of the Lesser Caucasus and the distribution of rocks associated with it. The N-Morb and AFC (assimilation-fractional crystallization) methods were applied to the samples of the mentioned area. Through this, the chemical composition of the samples and the transformation processes over time were studied. Based on the data obtained, the initial crystallization of apatite and amphibole in the magma and its enrichment with rare elements and light lanthanides were determined. Mineralogical signs of hybridism have been sufficiently manifested for the Neogene volcanic rocks of the Lesser Caucasus. These signs include the zonation of plagioclase, the erosion of early crystallized minerals, and the presence of microinclusions containing gabbro, granodiorite, etc. in medium and acidic rocks. The replacement of compression with tension created conditions for arch-type uplifts and led to the formation of poorly differentiated trachybasalt-basaltic and trachyandesite series in intermediate foci. The southeastern part of the Lesser Caucasus consists of dolomite-calcareous lithofacies of Lower and Middle Triassic age. Small admixtures of sandy-clayey material in the lower horizons of the Lower Triassic are explained by the inclusion of terrigenous material. Terrigenous material is practically absent in the Upper Triassic compared to the Lower Triassic. This situation indicates that the process of deposition of pure carbonate species in deep basins occurred under relatively mild conditions. Towards the end of the Lower Triassic period, intensive shallowing of the sea was observed. In connection with this event, massive oolitic limestones with a thickness of 40 meters were formed in the upper parts of the cut. In the Upper Triassic, calcareous-shale-sandy (in the northwestern part of the region) and calcareous-dolomite facies were recorded in the southeastern region of the Lesser Caucasus. In the Neogene andesite-dacite-rhyolite formation rocks that formed the central structure of the Lesser Caucasus, a zonal distribution of minerals such as plagioclase, clinopyroxene, amphibole and magnetite is observed, which determines that crystallization differentiation plays an important role with the participation of volcanic rocks. It is possible to separate dark-colored minerals such as clinopyroxene, magnetite and amphibole, and to separate andesites. It is clear from the work done in the studied area that the southeast of the Lesser Caucasus is rich in important elements. Mineralogical signs of hybridism have been proven in the Neogene volcanic rocks of the Lesser Caucasus. The results obtained in the study area are of great importance in the preparation of future search and forecasting factors. Read more

Keywords: volcanism, fraction, material, lithofacies, structure, formation, crystallization

THE METHODS OF COMPLETING GEOLOGICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL DATA IN OFFSHORE FIELDS

Authors: Elmir Qaragozov, Jeyhun Isayev

Volume 27 , Issue 6 | Pages: 60-66

DOI: 10.32010/BNQJ4649

Abstract: The efficient development and operation of offshore oil and gas fields rely heavily on the availabil... The efficient development and operation of offshore oil and gas fields rely heavily on the availability of comprehensive and high-quality geological and technological data. However, due to various limitations such as technical constraints, environmental conditions, data acquisition challenges, and economic factors, significant data gaps frequently arise. These missing data points can hinder accurate reservoir modeling, production forecasting, and decision-making in offshore field operations. Therefore, the reconstruction and completion of incomplete geological and technological data play a crucial role in ensuring the reliability of field development strategies. This study investigates different methodologies for filling in missing data in offshore oil and gas fields, including interpolation techniques, statistical modeling, and machine learning approaches. Traditional methods such as kriging, inverse distance weighting, and regression analysis are compared with modern artificial intelligence-based techniques, including neural networks and deep learning algorithms. The advantages and limitations of each method are evaluated based on data accuracy, computational efficiency, and applicability to various offshore conditions. Moreover, this research emphasizes the importance of selecting appropriate data completion methods depending on the specific geological characteristics of the field, the extent of data gaps, and the available dataset. Case studies from real offshore field operations are analyzed to illustrate how different approaches perform in practice and their impact on reservoir characterization and production optimization. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for improving offshore field data management, enhancing predictive modeling capabilities, and optimizing production strategies. By implementing advanced data completion techniques, operators can mitigate uncertainties, improve reservoir performance assessments, and ensure more efficient exploitation of offshore oil and gas resources. Without a complete and accurate dataset, evaluating the productivity and development potential of offshore oil and gas fields becomes increasingly challenging. Data gaps can significantly impact the construction of geological models and hinder the optimization of production processes. Therefore, the reconstruction of missing data is not merely a technical task but a critical component of strategic decision-making. The integration of data completion techniques into reservoir engineering workflows can lead to more robust simulations and planning scenarios. Ultimately, bridging data gaps supports safer, more costeffective, and environmentally responsible offshore field development. Read more

Keywords: offshore fields, geological and technological data, data gap reconstruction, statistical and artificial intelligence methods, optimization of oil and gas production

INNOVATION STRATEGIES IN STUDENT ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A MODEL FOR SUSTAINABLE INNOVATION AND TRANSFORMATION IN A HIGHER EDUCATION ENVIRONMENT

Authors: Rashad Aliyev, Jeyhun Ganjali

Volume 27 , Issue 6 | Pages: 52-59

DOI: 10.32010/TKGT5445

Abstract: Universities are increasingly seen as key players in driving innovation, either directly or indirect... Universities are increasingly seen as key players in driving innovation, either directly or indirectly, and thus play a significant role in promoting both regional and national economic growth. Beyond their traditional roles in education and research, universities are now expected to foster entrepreneurial mindsets among students and cultivate a supportive entrepreneurial environment within their institutions. This has led to the development of student entrepreneurship and the rise of startup ventures initiated within university settings. As this trend is relatively new in the Russian Federation, there is a pressing need for thorough and systematic research on the topic. The article focuses on the development of student-led startups, outlining the primary stages of their growth. It identifies the main stakeholders involved in student entrepreneurship, clarifying their functions and influence in the startup formation process. The research also analyzes the types of university activities that help build students’ entrepreneurial competencies and assesses how significantly each activity contributes to developing particular skills. The findings are relevant to a broad audience interested in exploring and advancing student entrepreneurship. When considering innovation in education, two central issues in pedagogy emerge: the need to study, generalize, and disseminate effective teaching practices, and the challenge of applying psychological and pedagogical research to educational practice. Innovation in this context lies at the intersection of theory and practice, and the outcomes should reflect this dual nature—both conceptual and practical. The development, implementation, and application of educational innovations highlight the critical role of management in this process. Teachers are increasingly expected to function not only as educators but also as creators, researchers, and promoters of new teaching methods, technologies, and theories. Successfully managing educational innovation involves the deliberate selection, assessment, and adoption of new ideas and approaches introduced by peers or academic research. This demands specialized training in pedagogy and psychology, as teachers must integrate subject-specific expertise with modern instructional and psychological knowledge. This integration enables them to effectively evaluate and implement new pedagogical strategies. In essence, the concept of "innovation" refers to introducing something new or different. Within the educational sphere, it signifies updates or changes to the objectives, content, methods, and organizational forms of teaching and learning, emphasizing collaborative efforts between teachers and students. Read more

Keywords: student startups, student projects, entrepreneurship education, stages of student startup development

SMART-BASED RESETTLEMENT POLICY IN LIBERATED TERRITORIES

Authors: Najafova Kamala, Ahmadzade Jalal

Volume 27 , Issue 6 | Pages: 45-51

DOI: 10.32010/ZUSS1137

Abstract: From the first steps taken by the Azerbaijani government towards resettlement in the IAEA, it became... From the first steps taken by the Azerbaijani government towards resettlement in the IAEA, it became clear that the government intends to implement a smart resettlement policy (SRP) in the region, and this intention is fully commendable. In order to make the SSM as effective as possible - to accurately implement the goals declared in the Program and to harmoniously integrate smart settlements (SM) with the general innovative development of the IAEA, it is necessary to analyze some theoretical points - the interpretation of the concepts of smart cities and villages, the criteria for determining a smart settlement, a set of indicators that reveal the level of smart development of a settlement, and to study some smart city and village experiences. Of course, there is no need to study the issues mentioned in detail within the framework of this study, and therefore we will be content with brief analyses. We should also take into account the fact that in recent years the concept of a smart city has been replaced by the concept of a sustainable smart city (SSC) in research. In 2014, a significant study was conducted by the Focus Group of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) on the interpretation of the concept of smart city, and in this study, the concept of smart city was explained as an innovative city that can improve the quality of life, increase the quality of urban activities and services, as well as competitiveness, using ICT and other mechanisms, and at the same time meet the needs of present and future generations. (155, p13) According to this interpretation, a smart settlement is a city or village that relies on a competitive economy, advanced social and environmental regulations, offers quality services to the community using new technologies and improves the quality of life with these mechanisms. The report analyzed numerous - about 120 - interpretations of the concept of smart city. Both in the different interpretations given in this source and in many explanations in other sources, an attempt is felt to limit Smart Cities to the construction of urban infrastructure based more on digital technologies. Of course, Smart Cities is not only realized by optimizing bus, railway, and airport operations, and in modern times, smart cities should also provide quality education, a harmonious ecological environment, and the reality of innovative production. Referring to Wang et al., Yigitjanlar sees the smart city as an ecologically healthy, economically productive and environmentally effective city with the use of new technologies, a responsible and socially harmonious culture, physically neat and functionnally diverse. (156, p2) In an article published in Forbes magazine, a smart city is considered a residential area where openness, justice, and security exist, and it is claimed that such a city - the city of people's dreams - becomes a reality in the presence of quality schools and jobs, housing accessibility, transportation convenience, a wealth of cultural services, etc. According to this article, such an increase in well-being should be achieved by reducing energy and air pollution. Read more

Keywords: IAEA, smart resettlement policy (SRP), sustainable smart city (SSC), ICT, smart village

ANALYSIS OF REMOTE ATTACKS AND CURRENT DEFENSE SYSTEMS

Authors: Vagif Karimov, Jabbar Hasanov

Volume 27 , Issue 6 | Pages: 37-44

DOI: 10.32010/AKNM5375

Abstract: Remote attacks are one of the most serious threats to cybersecurity in the field of information tech... Remote attacks are one of the most serious threats to cybersecurity in the field of information technologies. These attacks are carried out without direct physical contact, via the Internet or other network channels. Remote attacks include a wide range of attack methods such as DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service), remote distribution of malware, phishing, SQL injection, remote code execution and man-in-the-middle (MITM). These attacks can lead to infrastructure paralysis, theft of confidential information and economic losses. Among the existing defense systems, firewalls, antivirus software, network traffic analysis systems (IDS/IPS), encryption protocols (TLS, VPN), multi-factor authentication and artificial intelligence-based threat detection systems play an important role. Against the backdrop of the increase in remote attacks, it has become necessary to continuously update cybersecurity strategies. Due to the flexibility and sophistication of attack vectors, traditional defense mechanisms alone are not enough. For this reason, proactive security approaches, i.e. methods for identifying and mitigating risks before an attack, are coming to the fore. Using scanners to automatically detect security vulnerabilities, regularly updating systems (patching) and conducting security tests are important technical measures. In addition, forming a security culture in enterprises and regularly involving staff in training also play a decisive role in reducing risks related to the human factor. Since phishing and social engineering attacks mainly exploit human weaknesses, awarenessraising measures in this area are as important as technical measures. Among the innovative approaches, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML)-based systems stand out in particular. These technologies can analyze large volumes of network data and distinguish between normal and abnormal behavior, thus allowing for the detection of attacks at an early stage. For example, SIEM (Security Information and Event Management) and UEBA (User and Entity Behavior Analytics) systems, which identify unusual activity of user accounts based on behavioral analysis, have become an integral part of modern cybersecurity architecture. At the same time, the Zero Trust model is also widely used in modern security strategies. According to this model, no user or device is trusted in advance, and the principle of re-verification of any access is applied. Thus, attacks carried out from the internal network are prevented more effectively. Regulatory legal frameworks and standards adopted at the state and international levels also play an important role in the development of this area. For example, data protection legislation such as GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation of the European Union) obliges organizations to take more serious security measures. Such rules serve to ensure the security of the cyber environment by defining not only technical, but also ethical and legal frameworks. Read more

Keywords: remote attacks, cybersecurity, defense systems, remote code execution, intrusion detection systems (IDS/IPS)

GEOLOGICAL FEATURES, RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE OF DASHKESAN OIL FIELD

Authors: Maral Aliyeva, Arif Amirli

Volume 27 , Issue 6 | Pages: 26-36

DOI: 10.32010/FFQE4156

Abstract: This article presents the geological and stratigraphic features of the Dashkesan iron ore deposit, m... This article presents the geological and stratigraphic features of the Dashkesan iron ore deposit, mineralogical composition, research history, industrial significance, calculation of well coverage parameters, organization of drilling and blasting operations, optimal design of the well network, well placement, organization of determining the distance between them and in accordance with the geological characteristics of ore. The role in this period is analyzed on a scientific basis. The goal is to comprehensively assess the potential of this field and provide recommendations for further development strategies. The purpose of the article is to select suitable technologies and equipment for drilling operations and efficient ore mining, accurately calculate the type and amount of materials used in blasting operations, draw up a blasting scheme so that the rock is crushed in accordance with standards, as well as minimize the impact on the environment. Safety measures should also be in the foreground, blasting should be carried out in accordance with international standards, personnel should undergo the necessary training. The correct definition and application of these parameters increases the efficiency of mining operations, reduces losses and ensures safe working conditions [1]. Cutting ore means separating the ore from the mass and grinding it into parts of a certain size. When mining ore, the following requirements must be met: safety of work, full extraction of ore along the contour, ensuring normal grinding of ore; minimum number of parts requiring repeated crushing; pay for productivity in accordance with the intensity of the unit, low labor costs; cheap cost, etc. The method of extracting the ore depends on its hardness. The exploitation of ore deposits is dominated by solid minerals. The mechanical method is promising for use in coating ores with a hardness of f = 6-8 [2]. The explosive method is first covered with sewage, mine emissions in hard and harder ores, and then wells. Filling ore with wells practically eliminated the method of demining, replacing a certain part of the filling with sewage.Explosion protection on hard ores expends less energy than other methods and is considered the main method for a certain period of time (over the past 20-30 years). Selfremoval of ore is used only in aircraft systems. The hydraulic extraction method is used in the development of horizontal deposits of salt and manganese of small thickness. The electrophysical method is under experiment. The ore extraction process is carried out in several ways. Such methods include: explosive ore recovery; 2. Backfilling with waste water Backfilling with wells, backfilling with mine emissions, mechanical backfilling, self-removal of ore; Hydraulic coating; Electrophysical coating. The paper discussed the well coverage process. Mining at the Dashkesan iron ore deposit, located in the Dashkesan region, which is the largest complex of iron ore deposits in the region, began in the USSR. To this end, the Dashkesan mine administration was created in 1945. 9 years after the creation of the department, the production of iron ore concentrate began. At that time, the processing of iron ore concentrate produced here was carried out in the Georgian city of Rustavi. In differentyears, the enterprise worked under different names, with certain interruptions in the subordination of various institutions and structures. Read more

Keywords: Dashkesan iron ore deposit, diameter of wells, drilling operations, blasting operations, formations, ore mining, historical development, mineralogy, operation

ISSUE OF DRILLING FLUID ABSORPTION IN THE ABSHERON FIELDS

Authors: Eldar Suleymanov, Anar Azimov

Volume 27 , Issue 6 | Pages: 18-25

DOI: 10.32010/DIGB5046

Abstract: The hydrocarbon exploration industry faces a recurring and costly problem of drilling fluid absorpti... The hydrocarbon exploration industry faces a recurring and costly problem of drilling fluid absorption, particularly in difficult geological settings like Azerbaijan's Absheron fields. This diploma project explores the processes, factors, and mitigation measures related to high drilling fluid losses whilst building wells in different fields. The dissertation conducts geological analysis, field observations, laboratory trial investigations, and uses up-to-date technologies for an analysis of key absorption zones and for assessing the efficacy of existing fluid systems. Porous and fractured formations have identified as the primary factor causing unintentional absorption of fluid. This study assesses the practicality and effectiveness of innovative methods and incorporating new technologies, such as managed pressure drilling (MPD), loss circulation materials (LCM), polymermodulated fluid systems, nanomaterials, and real-time monitoring systems in the field of Absheron. In addition to providing comparisons of conventional and alternative methods, the study provides constructive advice on useful recommendations for reducing fluid loss and NPT, as well as improving well-bore stability. Ultimately, these outcomes are a step towards more secure operations in the difficult subsurface conditions of the region, improved drilling knowledge and performance as well as cost-reduction opportunities. Read more

Keywords: drilling fluid absorption, well construction, drilling performance, polymer-enhanced fluids, managed pressure drilling (MPD), real-time monitoring

INTRODUCTION TO E-COMMERCE PLATFORMS: FEATURES AND USAGE

Authors: Akif Ahmadli, Tugce Ezgi Soyaltın

Volume 27 , Issue 6 | Pages: 9-17

DOI: 10.32010/SGUD8127

Abstract: Electronic commerce (e-commerce) refers to the transfer of the traditional concept of commerce to di... Electronic commerce (e-commerce) refers to the transfer of the traditional concept of commerce to digital platforms due to the acceleration of technological developments and globalization. This transformation enables commercial transactions to be carried out over computer networks and internet infrastructure, thus offering important advantages such as time saving, low cost, wide market access and elimination of physical limitations. The most prominent feature of e-commerce is that transactions are carried out in a virtual environment instead of a physical store or office and are accessible 24/7. The purpose of this study is to examine the main features of e-commerce platforms, to analyze the usage patterns in the context of user experience and success factors. The scope of work, electronic trading systems; and its object is product and service buying and selling processes in digital environments. Literature review was used as a research method; national and international ecommerce definitions, models and practices are evaluated comparatively. Important institutions such as the World Trade Organization, OECD and Japan Electronic Commerce Center have developed definitions emphasizing different aspects of e-commerce. In general, it is defined as the implementation of production, promotion, sales and distribution processes of products and services through digital platforms and telecommunication technologies. E-commerce is not only limited to the private sector, but also public institutions are among the important stakeholders of this process. The relevance of e-commerce is due to both the need for businesses to integrate into the digitalization process and the growing online shopping habits of consumers. Various e-commerce models such as B2C (company-consumer), B2B (between companies), C2C (between consumers), B2G (company-state) and C2G (consumer-state) were introduced in the study. In addition, the role of the right product management, user-friendly web design, effective digital marketing strategies, customer satisfaction, innovation, patience and trust factors is emphasized for the success of these models. As a result, the development of e-commerce provides businesses with a competitive advantage; it offers versatile benefits to consumers such as quick information access, affordable shopping and time saving. In this way, the structure and operation of e-commerce platforms has become one of the most important issues of today, both academically and sectorally. In addition, the technologies used in the infrastructure of e-commerce directly affect the success in this field. Secure payment systems, mobile-friendly designs, fast cargo integration, stock tracking software and artificial intelligence-supported recommendation systems contribute to increasing sales by improving the user experience. Especially the increase of purchases made on mobile devices has made it necessary to support e-commerce platforms with mobile applications. In this regard, businesses that want to operate in digital marketplaces should prioritize not only product, but also service quality. These aspects of e-commerce will play a decisive role on future economic structures and consumption habits. Read more

Keywords: electronic commerce, digital economy, B2C and B2B models, advantages of e-commerce, information technologies and commerce

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